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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to <t>initiate</t> <t>air-liquid</t> interface <t>(ALI),</t> which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.
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(A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to initiate air-liquid interface (ALI), which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A host ATPase essential for rhinovirus replication is an antiviral target with a high barrier to resistance

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.13.723454

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-C) CB-6644 antiviral assays in cell lines. (A) HeLa-H1 cells, (B) BEAS-2B cells or (C) HeLa-E8 cells were infected with the indicated RV types (MOI 20 for A , MOI 1 for B-C ). Cells were treated at 1 hpi with DMSO or the indicated concentrations of CB-6644. Viral titres were quantified at the indicated times post-infection. N=4 or 5 independent experiments. (D-G) CB-6644 antiviral assays in WD-PNECs. (D) Workflow for generation of WD-PNEC cultures. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) were sampled via nasal brushing from volunteers, expanded in monolayers, and seeded into Transwells. When 100% confluent, after 4-8 days of incubation, apical medium was removed to initiate air-liquid interface (ALI), which triggers cell differentiation and the formation of a pseudostratified epithelium containing ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and basal cells. After 28 days of incubation, high quality WD-PNEC cultures were infected apically with the indicated RV (MOI 0.01). CB-6644 or DMSO was added apically 16 h before (E) or at different time points after (F) infection, as indicated. Viral titres in apical washes collected at the indicated times were quantified. N= 3 (E, RV-A16 and RV-B14) or 2 (E, RV-C15 and F) independent donors. (G) Viability of WD-PNECs apically treated with 2 μM CB-6644 or DMSO for 192 h, or with 1% Triton X-100 (TX100) for 2 h, presented as percentage viability relative to DMSO-treated control. N= 3 independent donors. For panels A-C and G, data are shown as individual points, coded by shape according to experimental replicate, with means. For panels E-F, data are shown as means (± SD) connected by lines colour-coded by treatment. Statistical tests: two-tailed paired t -test (A-C), one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (G). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant. See also Figure S2.

Article Snippet: PNECs were resuspended in 2 ml Promocell air-liquid interface (ALI) medium and a cell count performed.

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Cell Differentiation, Control, Two Tailed Test